Medieval Medicine Essay Example

Medieval Medicine Essay When we hear the word medicine, doesnt that imply it is a remedy to cure a sickness or disease? Medicine is used to restore our faith, hope, and most importantly, our lives. For hundreds of years, medicine has been known to cure many people including those who had barely an ounce of life left. However, as the Middle Ages progressed, medieval medicine became popular among people even though it was killing them instead of healing them. One example is the Black Death. As this horrible disease was spreading rapidly in Central Asia and Europe in the 1320s, thousands of people were dying and were in need of help. Some practices of medieval medicine were Phlebotomy, or bloodletting; which consisted of leeching, cupping, and venesection. (Livingston) Although patients often died because of infections, the loss of consciousness, and cutting of arteries, which caused unstoppable bleeding, many physicians believed this was a method of surgery. In leeching, the physician would attach an annelid worm to the effected area and allow the leech to do its job. With the cupping method, when the cup was heated hot enough, it acted like a vacuum and sucked the blood up through the skin. For venesection, it was the direct opening of a vein, generally on the inside of the arm, for the draining of a substantial quantity of blood. (Livingston) The process of bloodletting was from an idea that blood was to be drawn from a specific vein so it would affect a particular organ. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Medicine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Medicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Medicine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (Livingston) It was not enough that a patient be bled, he must be bled from a proper vessel. There was a theory that various internal organs were connected with various superficial veins, so that bleeding from these veins drew noxious humours from organs which could not otherwise be reached (Cameron 165). In the Middle Ages, medical theory was based on the idea of humors. According to this theory, the human body had four humors: yellow bile, which was hot and dry; blood, which was hot and moist; black bile, which was cold and dry; and phlegm, which was cold and moist. (Corzine 59) These four humors were also linked with the four elements of the earth: fire, air, earth, and water. If someone was deeply ill, physicians believed that the humors in the body were imbalanced. If the humors were balanced, then the person would be perfectly healthy. Certain emotions were also used to distinguish people who had an excess of a certain humor. An individuals temperament was determined by the predominance of one or more of the humors. (60) For example, for a person who had too much blood, they tended to act happily. If they were dull, theyd have too much phlegm and if they had too much black bile, physicians would prescribe a hot and wet medicament. (Bruccoli 440) However, physicians often used Phlebotomy to cure these humor imbalances in a person but instead of curing, they were killing them quicker. Modern medicine has been steadily changing because of the rapid increase of medical technology. But as we look back in the medieval days, physicians did not have the technology or the intelligence to improve their medical theories. They figured by bleeding their patients, it would balance the humors and cure them. However, physicians never saw the flaws of their medical theory of humors, which caused the death of many patients. Cameron, M. L. Anglo-Saxon Medicine. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1993. Corzone, Phyllis. The Black Death. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1997. Bruccoli, Matthew J. ; Richard Layman. Word Eras. Vol 4: Medieval Europe. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2002. Livingston, Michael. Misconceptions about Medieval Medicine: Humors, Leeches, Charms, and Prayers . 11 Dec. 2003 http://www. strangehorizons. com/2003/20030317/medicine. shtml.

Legal Conflict Associated with Electronic Commerce

Legal Conflict Associated with Electronic Commerce Why legal disputes cannot be resolved by simply referring to relevant laws Application of rules is one of the ways through which legal disputes can be solved. However, laws may be vague thus limiting their effectiveness in resolving conflicts. In resolving legal disputes, the legal rules applied may be general and indeterminate. As a result, all the disputes being resolved using legal resolutions are subjected to the same set of rules.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Legal Conflict Associated with Electronic Commerce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Loh (1984, p. 26), laws formulated to solve a particular dispute may not be applicable to other similar cases. In the process of settling disputes, laws are meant to provide an alternative way through which disputes can be resolved. Laws provide a reliable prediction of the resultant legal consequences in relation to a particular human conduct. This mean s that legal disputes cannot be resolved by simply referring to relevant laws. Considering the fact that legal dispute resolution mechanisms may be vague, application of alternative disputes programs is necessary. Some of the major reasons causing incorporation of alternative dispute programs include the rising litigation costs and the associated emotional and psychological costs. Some of these programs relate to arbitration and mediation. Legal conflict associated with electronic commerce that has not yet been resolved Disagreements can arise in electronic commerce with regard to the terms of the contract (Leps, 2010, para. 1). One of the legal conflicts in relation to electronic commerce that has not been resolved arises from existence of uncertainty with regard to cross border disputes. In conducting electronic commerce, some of the parties involved may be from different countries and hence the difference in jurisdiction (International Chamber of Commerce, 2010, para. 8). This me ans that the principles adopted in relation to ‘country-of-destination’ and ‘country-of-origin’ may be different. Some economies may adopt the ‘country-of-destination’ principle. This means that the laws applicable in case of a dispute involving cross-border parties are those of the customer’s country. Application of such a principle limits consumer choice (International Chamber of Commerce, 2010, para. 9). Due to existence of the ambiguity, most firms are reluctant to venture into electronic commerce with cross-border business counterparts. Most of the firm’s business partners include firms within the same territory. This arises from the fact that the firm’s may incur substantial costs as a result of unenforceable contracts in addition to risks of sanctions. The legal conflicts with regard to the ‘country-of-destination’ are further worsened if the customers use interposing technologies in purchasing digital p roducts. In addition, if the payment is made using digital cash, which is not identified by the purchaser, there is a high probability that the firm may not know the law to apply. In such a situation there is a high probability that the firms will firm’s will forego cross-border electronic commerce. The consumers are negatively affected since they cannot be able to access internet benefits optimally (International Chamber of Commerce, 2010, para. 9).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of the legal conflict in e-commerce, the supply chain of goods and services in the entire global marketplace is limited. The complexity of compliance means that firms are precluded from the digital economy. Conclusion In summation, application of alternative dispute resolution programs in resolving legal disputes is necessary. This arises from the fact that the la ws may not be applicable to certain circumstances. Laws provide a basis for alternative dispute resolution mechanism. Due to existence of cross-border differences with regard to e-commerce firms have not been able to implement electronic commerce effectively. Reference List International Chamber of Commerce. 2010. Jurisdiction and applicable law in electronic commerce. Retrieved from https://iccwbo.org/ Leps, O., 2010. Jurisdiction in e-commerce: a non-existing conflict of law and consequences for consumer protection and SMEIs. Web. Loh, W., 1984. Social research in the judicial process: cases, readings and texts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Narrative Exploring. Being an African American Essay

Narrative Exploring. Being an African American - Essay Example I belong to the African American group. As far as my status within the American society is concerned, I belong to the middle class as I am neither poor nor rich. In terms of my religious identity, I am a Christian who has firm belief in God and Jesus. In relation to my existence in the society, I want to be a good citizen as well as a good human being and all the values attached with a good human being are taught to me by my parents and my African American identity. I am fully aware that I live in a society that is multicultural and multilingual in which, people from different lands are accommodated. Being a part of such a society is a privilege in its own self. I am proud to be a part of such a society where I can enjoy equal rights and equal opportunities towards success. In my group, I find quite loving people who try to take care of each other. I am an African American and I am proud of it. Being an African American in my point of view is a blessing as I belong to a land that is regarded Holy by Orthodox Christians because of its being a Custodian of the Holy Ark of the covenant. My origin’s city Lalibela, which is located in Ethiopia, has a wide number of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians.... All those who have adopted this land as their own after leaving Africa are known as African Americans. I have an origin in Ethiopia, which is also called the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is one of those lands that are not colonized historically. It is land of palm trees, high mountains and lots of sunshine. We have our own traditional dishes, music and gestures to please people such as we prepare a great recipe called injera, which is a sauce made of either meat, ground grains, beans or vegetables with plenty of spices. Similarly, our traditional music is wide in range such as Amharic and Tigrigna music, R and B, pop, mezmur (Gospel), and Hip Hop. We have our own festivals and events to celebrate in which, we feel pleasure to participate. Â   We as a group believe in family life and continue being in families as through this custom of living together, we can share each other’s happiness and worries and we can help our fellow group members as we understand them better than any oth er person belonging to any other group. We love each other and give respect to our fellow group members and all other people around us and we also try to accommodate other people interested to share our experiences and customs. I as a Christian teach my children to be a good Christian by following all the duties of religion and by obeying the commands of the religion. My parents also taught me to be a good human being first and then be a good Christian. I follow my parents’ teaching and have transferred my acquired knowledge to my children. African American origin has enriched my being as a person who is related to people who are caring and loving and who try to help people with their good manners and care. They are usually good Christians and try to follow what is advised

The International Trade in Antiquities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The International Trade in Antiquities - Essay Example This trade cuts across local thieves to larger international looting networks. These include auction houses in the US, Asia, Middle East and Europe. It is difficult to quantify this trade but it is estimated at four billion dollars annually. Looted antiquities are illegally moved across many borders, changing hands many times before reaching their final destination. This makes their origins very difficult to trace. These antiques end up with museums and privare collectors. Ownership history is then fictitiously given to the antiques. False documents are also made to prove authenticity of the antiquities, to give assurance that that the antiquity's origin is legitimate. Despite numerous attempts to tighten control from law enforcers worldwide, this trade continues. It is boosted by the developing technology and the advanced market. For example, the online auction sites have made controlling this trade very difficult. This paper examines the two positions. The proponents include traders and middlemen while the opponents are archaeologists, conservationists, law enforcement agencies and historians. It then evaluates the strong points in both arguments against weak ones. Proponents' position Proponents argue that trading in antiquities is economically beneficial to the local communities that are economically surviving. They further argue that placing restrictions or illegalizing this trade will not change this situation but only place it underground. Israel's case study Israel has a rich heritage in archaeology. It is however facing constant erosion by illegal excavators to meet a rising demand for these items. The antiquities authority in this country has an electronic database of more than 14,000 sites. Thousands of these sites have been eroded. The destruction has sparked a controversy in Israel between the government agencies and the traders. The authority demands a change of the law since it currently allows trading in antiquities. It has a strong belief that by outlawing this trading, the traders will be unable to operate within Israel and thefts within the archaeological sites will be stopped (Blum, 2008). The traders on the other hand maintain that by passing the law, this trade will continue but now underground as is the case in Jordan, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus and Greece. The IAA established a Theft Prevention Unit in 1985 with a mandate to prevent theft from these sites and monitor the trading in these antiquities. It was granted the power to search arrest and carry out investigations for any commercial operations in the field. According to Ya'akovi, 144 people were caught illegally excavating on ancient sites in the year 1995. The IAA is also authorized to make decisions on who gets and who does not get the license to engage in this trade. Currently there are authorized dealers and their turnover adds to approximately five million dollars yearly. The Antiquities law of 1978 was very effective in nationalizing antiquities for their protection. Article 2(c) asserts that if an antiquity is found after the enforcement of this law, it will

'With reference to the serious case review, critically evaluate the Essay

'With reference to the serious case review, critically evaluate the failure of services in the case of Kyra Ishaq - Essay Example This report is based on making an assessment of failure of services in the case of Khyra Ishaq. The objective of the report is to highlight missed opportunities which could have resulted in better outcome and might have helped to save the life of Khyra Ishaq. The death of Khyra Ishaq was primarily suspected to be due to the failures of local services. The doctors across different activities were not in complete control of every fact as communication was hindered, misplaced or merely not commenced seriously. Any kind of significant decisions depend on individual services. In decision making, information sharing is a significant aspect and can determine the effectiveness of service provision. A significant number of neglected incidents related to the involvement by professionals have been observed in the death case of Khyra Ishaq (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012). The reason for such negligence was due to failure of proper administration to reach to the right divisions, failure to follow protection procedure and failure to undertake systematic evaluations to case closure, resulting in poor knowledge and information about the condition of Khyra Ishaq (Devon County Council, 2008). Domestic mistreatment is one of the vital aspects found in the death case of Khyra Ishaq. It was estimated that in 2010, about 200,000 children living in the households of the UK were characterised by high level of domestic mistreatment and violence (Radford, 2010). These issues were prevalent in the case of Khyra Ishaq. Reviewing the case of Khyra Ishaq reveals the fact that information regarding domestic mistreatment and violence was not understood or shared by respective social agencies. The evaluation of condition of Khyra Ishaq was not satisfactorily rigour and strict. Family and environmental issues and child-rearing capability components had received slight or limited regard from every department of

Social Work Domestic Violence

Social Work Domestic Violence Domestic violence: a brief critical analysis of impact and interventions built on a definitional, historical, and theoretical foundation. Introduction The introductory quotation by Desdemona expresses her fear of Othello’s rage (Shakespeare, 1604, cited in Meyersfeld, 2003) at the same time eloquently conveying the terror implicit in domestic violence and demonstrating that domestic violence is not a new phenomenon. Neither is domestic violence a rare occurrence. According to the British government, domestic violence affects millions of lives. The following statistics are quoted from the official government website (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005): one in four women and one in six men will be victims of domestic violence in their lifetime with women at greater risk of repeat victimisation and serious injury; 89 percent of those suffering four or more incidents are women; one incident of domestic violence is reported to the police every minute; on average, two women a week are killed by a current or former male partner; and domestic violence accounts for 16 percent of all violent crime. This essay will demonstrate that the issue of domestic violence is a complex one, much more complex than the term itself might convey. Indeed, domestic violence is complex in terms of its very definition, complex in terms of its theoretical explanations, complex in terms of gender relevance, complex in terms of its effects, and complex in terms of interventions to prevent and deal with its occurrence. The essay begins with a presentation and critique of various definitions for domestic violence, an exploration of the historical evolution of domestic violence as a societal concern, and a discussion and critique of theoretical explanations for domestic violence including consideration of the relevance of gender. This foundation will be used as a basis for exploring the impact of domestic violence upon its direct and indirect victims and the value and efficacy of the current resources, initiatives, and support networks used in combating domestic violence and assisting its victims. Final ly, concluding remarks will be presented. A Critique on Definitions of Domestic Violence Finding a generally-accepted definition for domestic violence proved to be an elusive endeavor. This may be because there is no consensus definition of the term (Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, July 1996). Each writer seems to define the term to fit his or her topic or agenda. For instance, Chez (1994, cited   in Gibson-Howell, 1996), in focusing on female victims of domestic violence, defines the term as â€Å"the repeated subjection of a woman to forceful physical, social, and psychological behavior to coerce her without regard to her rights.† Some definitions are basic and general: â€Å"a pattern of regularly occurring abuse and violence, or the threat of violence, in an intimate (though not necessarily cohabitating) relationship† (Gibson-Howell, 1996, citing Loring and Smith, 1994). Other definitions are comprehensive and specific (Manor, 1996; Neufield, 1996; Asian Pages, 1998; Josiah, 1998; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999; Danis, 2003; Verkaik, 2003). The more comprehensive definitions, although phrased differently, typically possess the following common elements: a pattern of abusive behavior (as contrasted to a single event); the abusive behavior involves control, coercion, and/or power; the abusive behavior may be physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and/or financial; and the victim of the abusive behavior is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating intimate partner or spouse. The British government has adopted one of the more expansive descriptions of domestic violence, one that includes all of the foregoing elements: â€Å"Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Beyond the basic definition, the government furnishes further description of domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive and controlling behaviour† by which the abuser attempts to gain power over the victim. The government contends that domestic violence crosses age, gender, racial, sexuality, wealth, and geographical lines. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) Interestingly, the definition offered by the government expands the description to include other â€Å"family members† in addition to â€Å"intimate partners.† Historical Evolution of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Societal Concern The issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against female spouses, was a topic of societal concern dating from the first marriage law instituted by Romulus in 75 B.C. But the concern was not in preventing domestic violence; to the contrary; the concern was in support of â€Å"wife beating†Ã¢â‚¬â€legally and institutionally—a condition that existed through the early twentieth century. (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979). English common law, until the late nineteenth century, â€Å"structured marriage to give a husband superiority over his wife in most aspects of the relationship.† This â€Å"sanctioned superiority† gave the husband the right to â€Å"command his wife’s obedience, and subject her to corporal punishment or ‘chastisement’ if she defied his authority.† (Tuerkheimer, 2004, citing Siegel, 1996) The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed the dismantling of laws specifically condoning control and violence; however, the laws were not replaced by codes that protected victims from abuse. Instead, â€Å"marital privacy† became the standard. Essentially, abuse was considered to be a family problem, not one in which society had an interest. (Turekheimer, 2004) Not until the feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s was public interest in domestic violence piqued (Danis, 2003, citing Schechter, 1982). With little public or private funding, feminist activists set up shelters for female victims of domestic violence. They also pressed for laws to punish offenders and promoted training of social workers and other professions to recognize domestic violence and treat its victims. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). From these humble beginnings, over the last thirty-plus years, public awareness has been enhanced dramatically, increasing amounts of public and private funding have been allocated for shelters, domestic violence laws have been strengthened, and social workers and other professionals (e.g. school personnel, healthcare professionals, police officers) have been trained to recognize signs of, and provide treatment to those affected by, domestic violence. Today, in the early years of the new millennium, the way in which society views domestic violence is continuing to evolve. Physical abuse of wives was the initial focus of intervention initiatives. Drawing on research presented earlier, sexual, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse have been added to physical abuse as types of domestic violence. And, many definitions of victims of domestic violence now include, in addition to wives, husbands and domestic partners of the same or different sex. Increasingly, too, children in the domestic arrangement are being included as victims of domestic violence. Theoretical Explanations for Domestic Violence and the Relevance of Gender Just as there is a lack of consensus on a single definition for domestic violence, â€Å"there is no single recognized causal theory for domestic violence.† In the absence of a single theory, at least four theories are used to explain why domestic violence occurs: social exchange/deterrence, social learning, feminist, and the ecological framework. (Danis, 2003) These theories, with their relevance to domestic violence, will be presented and critiqued in this section. A discussion of the relevance of gender in domestic violence will close out the section. Under the social exchange theory, human interaction is driven by pursuing rewards and avoiding punishments and costs. (Danis, 2003, citing Blau, 1964). Gelles and Cornell (1985, 1990, cited in Danis, 2003) contend that domestic violence occurs when costs do not outweigh rewards. Costs in this context include the potential for defensive physical action by the victim, potential of being arrested and imprisoned, loss of personal status, and dissolution of the domestic arrangement. The social learning theory suggests that people learn to be violent by being immediately rewarded or punished after they commit violent behavior, through what is called reinforcement, and by watching the experiences of others, called modeling (Danis, 2003, citing Bandura, 1973). According to some experts, there is a correlation between people who witness abusive behavior in their earlier lives and those who commit domestic violence later. (Danis, 2003, citing O’Leary, 1987). According to feminist theory, domestic violence emanates from a â€Å"patriarchal† school system which assigns men the responsibility for controlling and managing female partners (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979; Yllo, 1993). Under this theory, domestic violence is attributed to a flaw in societal structure rather than to any specific individual male pathology. Finally, the ecological framework theory, in contending that no single theory can be used in explaining or predicting domestic violence, proposes risk factors for domestic violence and interventions to address it at three levels—the micro level (e.g. batterer programs), the meso level (e.g. police and the courts), and the macro level (e.g. a coordinated community approach). (Danis, 2003, citing Crowell and Burgess, 1996; Chalk and King, 1998). Each of these four theories offers valuable insight into domestic violence. For instance, the social exchange theory offers a basis for law enforcement and prosecution of offenders; the social learning theory helps to explain why children who witness abuse sometimes grow up to be abusers themselves thereby providing rationale for corrective interventions to â€Å"unlearn† abusive behavior; and the feminist theory supports interventions targeted at helping batterers to reform and helping to empower victims. But none of these theories seems to provide a comprehensive foundation on which a comprehensive approach for dealing with the many causal and outcome dimensions of domestic violence can be built. The more integrated ecological framework theory, however, seems to furnish the needed basis for such a comprehensive approach. Now attention will turn to the topic of the relevance of gender in domestic violence. Historically, as mentioned earlier, wives were considered to be the only victims of domestic violence. Today, husbands as well as same- or different-sex non-married partners are considered to be victims as well (Cruz, 2003).   Although the statistics vary significantly (Leo, 1994), some indicating that the same number of men as women are victims of domestic violence (Leo, 1994; Simerman, 2002), most experts agree than women are most often the victims and, when they are victimized, the damage is usually more serious. The indication that women are most often victims has now gained official recognition. The British government contends that, although domestic violence is not restricted to a specific gender, â€Å"it consists mainly of violence by men against women.† (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) The Potential Impact of Domestic Violence on Females, Mothers, and Children According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (January 1996), â€Å"the most common victims (of domestic violence) are women and children.† With the acknowledgement that domestic violence affects men as well as women, the focus of the discussion in this section will be on the potential impact of domestic violence on females, generally, and on females in their role as mothers as well as on their children. Domestic violence against women can result in serious physical injuries, psychological trauma, and mental strain (Wha-soon, 1994). According to Wha-soon, physical injuries include â€Å"severe headaches, bruises, bone fractures, loss of eyesight, nervous paralysis, insomnia and indigestion,† and psychological trauma can include â€Å"anxiety, a sense of powerlessness, and a loss of self-respect and self-confidence.† Psychological effects can lead to suicide in some cases. Winkvist (2001) echoes these psychological effects and adds that battered women are also more likely to experience sexual and reproductive health disorders. Effects are not restricted to those that are physical and psychological in nature, however. Women can be financially impacted as well. Brown and Kenneym (1996) contend that women, in an effort to flee their attackers, may â€Å"give up financial security and their homes† in favor of safety. Mothers may experience additional negative effects from domestic violence. Starr (2001) contends that domestic violence against mothers â€Å"is associated with harmful implications for mental health and parenting, as well as for the offspring.† According to Starr, mothers who are in an environment of domestic violence suffer worse outcomes for themselves and for their children. Isaac (1997) suggests that abuse of mothers and children are linked, stating that from thirty to almost sixty percent of mothers reported for child abuse were themselves abused. Hewitt (2002) claims that ninety percent of occurrences of domestic violence are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Children can be affected in at least two ways by domestic violence. According to the British government, they can be traumatized by violence they witness against others in the relationship even when they are not the specific targets of the violence (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). According to Hewitt (2002), children suffer low self-esteem, isolation, trauma, and homelessness that they may not manifest until later in life. They may also suffer from maladies such as worry, sadness, focus and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, headaches and stomachaches, lying, and â€Å"poor impulse control,† according to Salisbury and Wichmann (2004). Importantly, there is also a strong correlation between domestic violence and child abuse, a point which reinforces Isaac’s position mentioned earlier (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). Edleson (1999, cited in Spath, 2003) takes the same position in stating that â€Å"numerous research studies over the last several decades have reported a connection between domestic violence and child maltreatment within families.† And, finally, as mentioned earlier, the social learning theory would suggest that children who witness violence learn that violence is an acceptable way to settle disputes. Supporting this, Wha-soon (1994) writes that the â€Å"learning of violence causes a cycle of violence.† An Assessment of the Value and Efficacy of Domestic Violence Interventions Methods for dealing with domestic violence generally fall into three categories: prevention, protection, and justice (M2 Presswire, 1998). As the terms imply, prevention attempts to avert incidences of domestic violence through methods such as education and counseling; protection involves attempts to prevent further injury through methods such as removing victims from the situation and ordering offenders to stay away from their victims; and justice involves retribution against domestic violence offenders. The value and efficacy of prevention, protection, and justice methods used in dealing with domestic violence are difficult to measure. A reason for this was mentioned earlier: the lack of a consensus definition for domestic violence itself. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). Nevertheless, there has been some attempt at measuring performance anecdotally. According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (April 1993): â€Å"Currently, the two most common forms of social intervention are mechanisms that help her to leave (such as emergency shelters) and having him arrested†¦(but) neither of these interventions is ideal.† And, police and judicial interventions do not seem to fair much better as illustrated by the case of Samuel Gutierrez who killed his domestic partner, Kelly Gonzalez, in Chicago, Illinois in the United States after multiple beatings, arrests, and various court interventions (Hanna, 1998). That domestic violence still exists as such a serious social problem is probably the best evidence that current methods for preventing it, protecting its victims, and exacting justice on offenders are not working especially well. Perhaps the future will be brighter. Newer perspectives, such as that offered by the ecological framework theory, offer some hope. It seems that taking a comprehensive, integrated approach could potentially be substantially more effective as the various public and private components work together in a cooperative, synergistic arrangement with one goal—the welfare of the potential or actual victim. One expert even suggests that this combined public-private approach could be enhanced further by adding a third component—the family (nuclear family, extended family, intimate family, close relationships)—to the formal, integrated support arrangement (Kelly, 2004). Conclusion Public and private organizations continue to increase their attention to domestic violence. In the United Kindgom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 furnishes greater authority to police and the courts in dealing with cases of domestic violence and in providing protection to victims. Aditionally, the British government’s recently issued national domestic violence action plan sets forth ambitious goals (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic Violence, 2005) quoted as follows: reduce the prevalence of domestic violence; increase the rate that domestic violence is reported; increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice; ensure victims of domestic violence are adequately protected and supported nationwide; and reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. Returning to the introductory quotation, had Shakespeare’s Desdemona been alive today, perhaps she would have some hope that she would not forever be in such great fear of Othello’s rage. References Asian Pages (1998) What is domestic violence? November 14, 1998. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley Sons. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Brown, Karen R. and Kenneym, Catherine T. (1996) Report from the front lines: The impact of violence on poor women [Part 1 of 5]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Chalk, R., King, A. (1998). (Eds.). Violence in families: Assessing prevention and treatment programs. Washington, DC: National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Chez, N (1994) Helping the victim of domestic violence. American Nursing 1994;94(7):32-37. Cited in Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Domestic and sexual violence data collection [Part 3 of 9], July 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women and the cost-effectiveness of interventions [Part 1 of 6], May 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1993) Men beating women: Ending domestic violence—a qualitative and quantitative study of public attitudes on violence against women [Part 3 of 7], April 1, 1993. Contemporary Womens Issues Database (1996) You or someone you know may live in a home where domestic violence is a problem, January 1, 1996. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/domesticviolence51.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 11, 2005]. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence mini-site http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/dv01.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 9, 2005]. Crowell, N. A., and Burgess, A. W. (1996). (Eds.). Understanding violence against women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Cruz, J. Michael (2003) Why doesnt he just leave? Gay male domestic violence and the reasons victims stay. The Journal of Mens Studies, March 22, 2003. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Dobash, R. E., and Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Edleson, J. L. (1999). The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women, 5(2), 134-154. Cited in Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1985). Intimate violence in families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1990). Intimate violence in families (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Hanna, Cheryl (1998) The paradox of hope: the crime and punishment of domestic violence. William and Mary Law Review, May 1, 1998. Hewitt, Kim (2002), Silent victims of violence in home. The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland), September 14, 2002. Isaac, Nancy E. (1997) Response to battered mothers in the pediatric emergency department: a call for an interdisciplinary approach to family violence. Pediatrics, February 1, 1997. Josiah, Ivy (1998) Education through radio. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 2, 1998. Kelly, Kristin A. (2004) Working together to stop domestic violence: state-community partnerships and the changing meaning of public and private. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, March 1, 2004. Laurence, Louise and Spalter-Roth, Roberta (1996) Research-in-brief: Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women [Part 1 of 2] Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Leo, John (1994) Is it a war against women? U.S. News World Report, July 11, 1994. Loring, M. T. and Smith, R. W. (1994) Health care barriers and interventions for battered women. Public HealthReports 1994;109(3):322-329. Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. M2 Presswire (1998) Home Office: Prevention, protection and justice: A comprehensive approach to tackle domestic violence, June 16, 1998. Manor, John H. (1996) Helping abusers out of the domestic violence equation. Michigan Chronicle, January 30, 1996. Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Neufield, Brenda (1996) SAFE questions: overcoming barriers to the detection of domestic violence. American Family Physician, June 1, 1996. OLeary, K. D. (1987). Physical aggression between spouses: A social learning theory perspective. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 31-55). New York: Plenum Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Salisbury, Sarah and Wichmann, Lee Anne (2004), Seen or unseen, domestic violence traumatizes children. The Register-Guard, August 29, 2004. Schechter, S. (1982) Women and male violence: The visions and struggles of the battered womens movement. Boston: South End Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1999) Domestic violence: Give us statistics we can work with. July 16, 1999. Shakespeare, William (1604), Othello act 5. sc. 2. Edited by Sanders, Norman. Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cited in Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Siegel, Reva B. (1996), The rule of love: Wife beating as prerogative and privacy, 105 YALE L.J. 2117. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Simerman, John (2002) Men, too, fall victim to abuse in big numbers. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 25, 2002. Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Starr, Raymond H., Jr. (2001) Type and timing of mothers victimization: effects on mother and children. Pediatrics, April 1, 2001. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Verkaik, Robert (2003) One man in six `a victim of domestic violence. The Independent, September 24, 2003. Wha-soon, Byun (1994) A study on the prevention of and countermeasures against domestic violence [Part 1 of 2]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1994. Winkvist, Anna (2001) Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in Family Planning, March 1, 2001. Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. J. Gelles D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park, GA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003.

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla: Bram Stoker’s Inspiration for Dracu

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla: Bram Stoker’s Inspiration for Dracula â€Å"3 May. Bistritz. Left Munich at 8:35 p.m.† Abraham Stoker in this unassuming way begins his Gothic masterpiece, Dracula (The Annotated Dracula 1). Dracula has been called ‘imaginative’ and ‘original.’ , and Harry Ludlam calls it â€Å"the product of his own vivid imagination and imaginative research† (Senf 41). However, the originality of Stoker's Dracula is in doubt. By a similarity in the setting, characters and plot, in Bram Stoker’s Gothic work Dracula and the posthumously published short story â€Å"Dracula’s Guest,† Stoker is shown to have used Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s classic, Gothic, short story, â€Å"Carmilla†, as the basis and inspiration for Bram Stoker’s vampiric masterpiece, Dracula. In 1897, Abraham Stoker published Dracula, a classic Gothic novel which continues to capture the hearts and imaginations of readers after nearly a century. The novel is written as a collection of journals, which are kept in a wide array of methods, letters and newspaper clippings. Dracula opens in Eastern Europe with a young solisitor named Jonathan Harker traveling to Transylvanian castle. The castle’s owner, Count Dracula, is cruel in the manner of great evil, and uses Harker to have himself safely ferried to England and its fertile hunting ground of London. Dracula soon becomes embroiled in the lives of a small group of friends who see him for the fiend that he is. These young people, aided by the aging Dr. Van Helsing vow to see Dracula destroyed, and they succeed in driving him out of England and back to his homeland. They follow hard upon and catch him just before he reaches the safety of his castle. Within sight of safety, Jonathan Harker and Quency Morris behea... ...cula: The Vampire and the Critics. Ed. Margaret L. Carter. Studies in Speculative Fiction 19. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1988. 231-45. Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula: The Novel and The Legend. Wellingborough: Aquarian, 1985. Le Fanu, James Sheridan. â€Å"Carmilla.† Vampires: Two Centuries of Great Vampire Stories. Ed. Alan Ryan. Garden City: Doubleday, 1987. Melton, J. Gordon. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead. Detroit: Visible Ink, 1994. Senf, Carol A. Introduction. The Critical Response to Bram Stoker. Ed. Carol A. Senf. Westport: Greenwood, 1993. 1-41. Stoker, Bram. The Annotated Dracula. Ed. Leonard Wolf. New York: Ballantine, 1975. ---. â€Å"Dracula’s Guest.† Vampires: Two Centuries of Great Vampire Stories. Ed. Alan Ryan. Garden City: Doubleday, 1987. Roth, Phyllis A. Bram Stoker. Twayne’s English Authors Series 343. Boston: Twayne, 1982.

Shadow of a Doubt

Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er. Shadow of a Doubt Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er.

Bolsheviks Power essays

Bolsheviks Power essays When the Bolsheviks came into power, everything was in a state of chaos. In 1917, the level of literacy was low. However, soon there were nearly seven times more specialists who had higher education than in 1913, while those with secondary education increased by almost twenty- eight times. Illiteracy fell dramatically. Press, radio, and the cinema soon began to have a direct influence on a population that was giving all its energies to the building of the socialist society. The emphasis of education was on skill building and the indoctrination with Communist ideology. Teachers were not only expected to teach but to shape the personalities of the student in accordance with the Communist ideal. Students were exhorted to join youth organizations, like the Young Pioneers, sanctioned by the Communist Party. Public education was free at the elementary and secondary levels. Tuition for preschool and postsecondary institutions were nominal if it was charged at all. Private school s were prohibited. Teenagers and young adults served as a discursive lens through which the anxieties of early Soviet Russia was exposed and debated. Children served as the personification of the whole enterprise of cultural revolution. The young were an empty canvas on which the revolutionary vision was supposed to be painted, symbols of what was new in about Soviet Russia, and the objects of changing policies and attitudes. The center of the Bolshevik canon was the transforming of the youth. Kindergartners were known as small conrades. They were the blankest slates of all, the first generation to grow up free of bourgeois prejudices. More radical Bolsheviks expected them to grow up free of parents for Marxism had the family becoming extinct. These same radicals believed that the young children left orphaned and homeless by war and revolution would serves as the vanguard of the new, family- free soci...

Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter

Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter Problems Faced by Twitter Trio A twitter is a social internet site, which allows users to send short text messages with a limit of 140 characters. The short messages are called tweets, and a twitter user seeks to have many followers as possible. Twitter users have been faced by many security problems, which is a threat to the Twitter trio.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these problems are caused by links that are found on the twitter page. Some links directs users to unknown destinations. These links have commands for downloads which might destroy an individual’s or company’s data. More so, the links directs a user to malicious user’s sites. Some cookies are designed to be destructive because when it is saved on the hard disk it destroys useful information or data. According to Ivey (2011), tweets written by users can also be searched using Google. This is a risk because the users feel that their tweets are being followed by investigators and hence they fear expressing their views in detail. Hackers have been able to follow tweets from users, hence hacking passwords and interfering with private information, especially when it leads to a company’s sensitive information. Since anyone is able to follow and see what users are commenting, competitors have been able to follow up company’s secrets and at times even financial and investors information. Since twitter users accounts enables them to follow other peoples accounts, hackers also create accounts and follows many users, hence the users follow them too without knowing whether the accounts are for malicious use. These malicious people enter the twitter network and seek to damage it as long as they follow thousands of the social network users. As compared to other website accounts like Facebook, when you sign up an account, it is ver ified through the email address that a user has provided, but when you sign up a Twitter account, it does not verify the account through the email address that has been provided. This has enabled spammers to create some fraudulent networks and accounts on twitter. It is recommended that personal information should not be added on Twitter because people can monitor user’s activities; there are cases where people have been robbed because of twitting their movements and activities, which led to buglers easily monitoring them. Despite the fact that a tweet is real time, destructive leaks of information about a company or an individual can travel all over the world in just seconds. This can damage a reputation which has been earned for years.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shelly, Napier, and Rivers (2009) argue that Twitter unlike Facebook has many limitations because it allows a user to upload only one small picture. This is a major challenge to the three partners. Twitters interface is not friendly because when a user signs up for the first time, it is not easy to know what to do next. As compared to other social networks, people struggle to have many followers and hence it creates some competition and it is sometimes not easy for a new user to get followers. It is advisable for a user to consider both advantages and disadvantages before signing up on twitter as a social network. Data Privacy on the Internet and Threat to Privacy Although the Internet has made communication easy with information and other activities meant for entertainment, security about the data storage use in the Internet has become a major concern because it is not easy to tell whether malicious people can access personal information. Other issues are whether the websites visited are safe and how hackers can access a website data. The security threats are a major is sue because many Internet users have been exposed to security threats. These threats may be instructions that are created by malicious persons and are designed to spread in the internet and cause damages to data on unprotected websites. Hackers access the systems through codes generated by programming operating systems (Laudon Laudon, 2010). Employers are now searching for information about the applicants on Twitter and other social networks without the applicant’s knowledge. Some are disqualified because of posting nude pictures and abusive messages on the social networks. There are cases where an employer rejected some applicant’s letters because they had posted discriminatory messages about racism. Data on social sites like Twitter and Facebook are difficult to delete, unless there is substantial privileges. There is a time when the President of the United States Barrack Obama warned high school students about what they post on Facebook. The president believes that it is possible to access even deleted data on people’s accounts after many years. Many websites like PleaseRobMe has been developed to discourage those who access people’s private data, the hackers might fear that they are being tracked. Data can be altered by malicious persons when being sent from one site to another. Viruses can also be a risk to private data because they can infect a computer. These viruses are passed on by storage devices such as flash disks which affect the networked computers. They are mostly programs which are created by people for destruction purposes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some have ability to replicate many times and clash the network system. These viruses include Trojan horse and spyware. Worms affects the performance of the computer and the system risks losing data. Some of these are meant to track a company’s data (Laudon Laudon, 2010). Data loss or privacy violation is either caused by human or machine error. The Internet has made communication easy in organizations whose branches are separated by geographical factors. With all the company’s information flowing from one computer to another through the Internet, secure transfer of data is an issue that has not been fully addressed. Companies have failed to protect or monitor their data workflows and it has become susceptible to damage or illegal access. Internet users are also exposed to commercial advertisers when they give their personal information upon filling forms provided by some sites in the internet. The Internet technology has enabled advertisers to analyze and take peoples personal information. Users are usually not aware that their personal information is being accessed as well as unauthorized tracking of internet activities (Stair Reynolds, 2008). Website managers or operators are capable of storing information about people who have visited the website. There are instances where users are supposed to input their personal information to access the websites. The information is then stored in a database which keeps on recording those who have visited the website. When the user’s information is profiled without the user’s knowledge, it raises privacy concerns. It is even worse if a company decides to profile employee’s health records on their website. When organizations fail to hide their unused data in a correct way, employees and other hackers may access its private information or it might be used in lawsuits. Moreover, shopping at the internet has raised a security concern since users fear that their personal information might be used in corrupt ways. Twitters Legal Requirements Twitter has failed in some of its legal requirements that govern its operations because some of organizations sensitive data such as investors and monetary data have been gi ven away through tweets (Ivey, 2011). Organizations important information is being leaked through these online tweets. Information such as patients details, which doctors keep on their computers or phones can be stolen and displayed on other social networks like Facebook or Google. Since these mobile phones or computers may not be encrypted, unauthorized persons can easily access data. Likewise, since Twitter is used around the globe, it has faced security privacy issues since each country has its own laws and the extent to which personal data is protected.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Twitter, children under the age of 13 are not allowed to have a Twitter account. However, Twitter has not been able to follow who uses its services, and hence children, even as young as 9 years, are on the social network, which exposes them to dreadful comments from Twitter users. Additionally, Twitter has not been able to manage on who uses their network and it has violated laws that govern the creation of interactive sessions of celebrities where those who join the interactive session can obtain the celebrities private information without consent from the owner. Data mining is a threat to users because Twitter stores personal information without authority from its users, although this has assisted the legal enforcers to get criminals by assessing behavior patterns in a given area. Shelly, Napier, Rivers (2009) suggest that this indicates that Twitter has not been able to secure personal information because they do not have systems that protect access to user’s data. Ford motor company is an example whose data was hacked. Its data contained customer’s information such as their account numbers, transactions details and address number. How Customers/Users React to Twitter’s Proposal to Mine Its Clients’ Data Ivey (2011) conforms that although data mining would increase Twitters revenue, customers would not want their data to be mined and especially those who would not like other users to access their private data. Some of the users would quit Twitter and create accounts in other social networks like Facebook, but it is not clear whether data is fully deleted when a user deactivates the account. Like in the case of Facebook, when a user deactivates his/her account, the data is still accessible. However, some may be positive about data mining because some of the user’s main aim on Twitter is to read other users opinions, facts, and comments. The users can access and read other people’s feelings about a given topic, but some of the information might mislead them. Some users will also be able to read information about companies of their interest, especially when doing research. Data mining will be to the advantage of companies or users who are doing business and are customer focused. It will enable them to know the goods mostly consumed by customers because they will be able to access transactional history. According to Stair and Reynolds (2008), data is accessible since it is stored in classes of related groups; for example, in hotels, customer transaction data is recorded to identify the time that customers visit more and what they order most. When data is stored in clusters, it shows similar market sections. It can also be stored in a sequence to guides in customer’s behavior patterns. For example, Midwest grocery was able to study their customers buying patterns. This company arrived to a conclusion that men came on Thursdays and some on Saturdays to buy diapers and they also bought beer. When the retailer found out those men bought diapers together with beer, they kept the bear close to the diapers on Thursdays and Saturdays. Data mining will also assist the users find financial organizations with loan and credit data. The financial institution can compare its customer’s qualities and assess the risks of loans granted (Laudon Laudon, 2010). Monetizing Twitter According to the Twitter trio, both Microsoft and Google have many plans to monetize Twitter. They are planning to license Twitter’s real time search, and the company is hoping to make more money. Google and Microsoft will list billions of tweets, which are posted in monthly basis. Twitter should also come up with profile upgrades. These profiles will attract members who will also pay a fee for the upgrade, and Twitter and its marketers will get monetary gains. Twitter should also increase the number of characters because its limit is 140 words and create more space for photos to att ract more users. This is because many sport fans and other Twitter users are relying on the company’s services (Miller, 2010). Twitter should create more room for biographic data or seek assistance from Google since many users prefer amore friendly social site like Facebook, which allows a user to see friend’s photos and to upload many photos and store them on albums. Ivey (2010) conforms that, just like Google and Yahoo, Twitter should seek to become a search engine. It will earn money when customers search for services and products. When, for example, a Twitter user posts a question about where to get a certain commodity, followers will reply while also informing others who might want to buy such commodities in future. Twitter should also include tweets for job search, whereby the users are capable of posting their resumes. When users pay a fee to access the vacancies available and post resumes, it would earn Twitter more money. Similarly, employers looking for peopl e to recruit should pay a fee to access the posted information from job seekers. It should also create and manage sites for outsourcing tasks where it creates jobs for online who may work in groups or as individuals. Furthermore, Twitter should take advantage of getting people’s comments on a certain company; for example, performance and what the customers like or dislike. This will assist the company to get customers’ feedback about certain products and decide on improvements. The companies will be able to improve and change their products and services according to the customers needs and hence the companies should pay a fee to twitter for the service. Likewise, Twitter should come up with an advertising strategy for companies. These companies may be charged on monthly basis or after 3 months. Individual users can also make money in Twitter by posting advertisements, especially when a user has many followers. A user can also search on advertisements and link them to f ollowers who are interested in buying. Promotion is another way to make money where a user can promote upcoming products for a company to the followers. Options That the Trio Have The partners have an option to store user’s personal information, which will improve their competitive advantage. They want to come up with a big archive of user’s data. This will only be successful if they make sure that they have mined data with consent from users. Google and Microsoft has given permission to Twitter to post its tweets at the Google search, this will be easy for users searching for certain information. Users will benefit from real time messages and latest news. Twitter attracts many users on the Google search. They have also come up with data mines that are likely to increase revenue on twitter because psychologists and other researchers will be able to get information, especially on behavior patterns of human beings. They will encourage people’s participation by not including their names, but only taking helpful information particularly for research purposes without including the names. Twitter has also increased its income by making an agreement with Google and Microsoft to make it easy to search a blog service on the Internet. The company has been able to discuss with telecommunications sector to lower the costs and this will benefit twitter because it will increase its profitability (Ivey, 2011). Twitter has another plan of archiving user’s information. Users have responded negatively, but the company has assured them safety of data. The users fear is that their tweets could be used against them. Twitter trio should come up with a plan to ensure that even if they archive the information, the government or any other party will not interfere with it because users might think that FBI is following them. Microsoft has started Microsoft helps, which is a twitter tool that supports users through information on Windows 7. This real time inf ormation will be checked by Microsoft while also supporting customers. Using Twitter, customers are capable of accessing help online and in real time. They will also be able to bring about issues or problems encountered when using Windows 7. However, there are privacy concerns for the trio because the crackers are out to destroy data, especially when mining. SalesForce is an example of a company that allowed businesses to access conversations on Twitter and take important information. If a customer has a question about computers, SalesForce informs computer companies about the client. The partners, being highly supported by Google, are coming up with ways that will enable users to protect their personal data. Some users on Twitter are exposed to cookies, which direct them to unknown sites. Twitter users can no longer trust the company because it is not able to protect the users’ data. Both Microsoft and Google are supporting Twitter in its real-time messaging. Users have conf essed that they get many insights from other users since it involves sharing with different users around the globe. Twitter may provide information not found on Google because it involves asking more people and the network in real-time. Google has not been successful in creating interactive sessions like twitter. In case of any latest news such as plane crush, Twitter displays them in real time while Google may take some hours. Both Google and Twitter are working together to improve on their business model. Twitter is a poor search engine; Google has decided to post its tweets since Google is poor on social matters, and hence it has considered having tweets so that users can see real time comments. Combining of the two features that mainly focuses on search micro-blogging and messaging services found in these social networks will increase their monetary value. In essence, Twitter is turning out to be a place where users do business and it is increasingly growing in ecommerce because as users follow each other on their accounts, it is easy to promote products and services. It has been greatly favored because of its real-time characteristic, and this is a blessing to the Twitter trio. References Biskup, J. (2009). Security in Computer Systems, Challenges, Approaches and Solutions. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Ivey. (2011). Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter. London: Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, 2011-04-15. 9B11E002. Laudon, K.C., Laudon, J.P. (2010). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (11th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Miller, C. C. (2010, June 18). Sports Fans Break Records on Twitter. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/sports-fans-break-records-on-twitter/?mtrref=undefinedgwh=993DB9C58627C72733D0FB968A58745Dgwt=pay Shelly, G.B., Napier, H.A, Rivers, O. (2009). Discovering the Internet: Complete Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning, Inc. Stair, R. Re ynolds, G. (2008). Fundamentals of Information Systems (5th ed.). Hamilton, CA: Thomson Course Technology.

Principles of Critical Care Nursing - Leadership and teamwork when Essay - 1

Principles of Critical Care Nursing - Leadership and teamwork when planning care and making decisions - Essay Example Besides, the clinicians must ascertain the patient’s variables such as salt and diet intakes alongside the ability to adhere to the therapeutic regimen (Aronson, 2009). It is critical to maintaining optimal potassium levels of at least 4.0 mmol/L for this particular patient besides a routine potassium monitoring. There is also need for the joint administration of Magnesium to enhance the cellular uptake of potassium (Urden, Stacy & Lough, 2014)). The Intravenous piggyback infusions of electrolyte require that the administration be executed based on free-flow protected devices such as an infusion pump. Patients must meet certain conditions before the initiation of the Potassium (SCr 40Kg). The electrolyte replacement protocols such as potassium Phosphate or Chloride may be ordered individually or jointly (Kee, Paulanka & Polek, 2010). Initiating intravenous Potassium therapy is hazardous and should meet certain strict requirements. The intravenous treatment of hypokalemia has to be instigated only when the enteral route cannot be availed or confirmed not to achieve the standard elevation of serum Potassium based a clinically set timeframe (Kee, Paulanka & Polek, 2010). The guidelines for initiation of replacing Potassium must be determined by the urgency of Potassium replacement and should only be performed in case of cardiac arrhythmia, low serum Potassium (

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture Assignment - 1

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture - Assignment Example Ladino was a romantic language that borrowed much from Judeo-Catalan, Hebrew, and Old Castilian. However, Jews in Spain currently uses Spanish as their language. The adoption of the Arabic culture by the Spanish Jewish started in the twelfth century when Almohades seized the southern parts of the Spain. He gave three choices to the Jews in Spain: death, flee or adopt the Arabic culture. Some of the Arabic cultural practices that Spanish Jews adopted include using of the last name. Jews were renowned of using their first name, their fathers’ name, or even their tribal name but with adoption of the Arabic culture, they were compelled to use the last name. The Spanish Jews adopted washing of legs and hands before entering the synagogue just as the Muslims do; they also adopted Arabic tunes for their sacred songs (Attig 832). In addition, the Arabic rule made the Spanish Jews to shift from their native languages such as Hebrews and Aramaic to Arabic language. The loss of the Jewish language led to extinction of the central literary works that was a characteristic of the Jewish culture. Examples of the Jewish literary works are poetry, Torah, Mishnah, liturgy, and Midrash (Corrà © 172). Moreover, the wide spread of the Arabic language resulted into Bible translation into Arabic. Consequently, Jews shifted from their traditional habit of being religious to secular. Furthermore, the Spanish Jews adopted the court system of settling disputes. Additionally, Jews of Spain accepted the Arabic traditions and customs including clothing in their daily routine (Corrà © 172). Jewish of Spain never lost hope of their culture, however, they took advantage of the Islamic rule to revive their culture by collaborating with them. The Spanish Jews struck an agreement with the Islamic rulers so that they could exercise their religion and culture. This agreement came at a cost because they had to a pay a special tax called jizya. Therefore, they enjoyed